In this study, we use the term causal strength to refer to the empirically detectable influence of one time-varying variable on another, as inferred from their shared dynamics in the sense of EDM 7,29,30 rather than from mechanistic or intervention-based causation 33
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If you've asked yourself this, you're not alone
As of August 2023, FDA has issued approximately 600 warning letters to firms for manufacturing and/or distributing illegal tobacco products, including e-cigarettes, filed civil money penalty complaints against 26 e-cigarette manufacturers, and worked with the Department of Justice to seek injunctions against 6 e-cigarette manufacturers
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