cigarette smoking rate by country Rates I'm Proud to be in

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A period effect such as procedure fatigue, with an increasingly relaxed stance towards the rigid measurement protocol, could have affected our results

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Reversibility post-cessation : Evidence suggests partial restoration of oral and gut microbiota after smoking cessation (e.g., Neisseria recovery in saliva, Lactobacillaceae increase with modified-risk products), but long-term ecological resilience and its health implications require longitudinal human cohort studies